Background and Purpose: Information related to the use of medicinal plants has been passed down from one generation to another for many years, leading to the establishment of an important field called ethnobotany or herbal ethnography. To date, no research has been conducted to investigate the ethnobotanical medicinal plants of the indigenous people of Ilam to identify medicinal plants effective on kidney stones. Materials and Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional ethnobotanical study between April 2023 and November 2023 in Ilam city. Collection of traditional therapeutic information about plants effective on kidney stones (kidney pain) was conducted through an ethnobotanical questionnaire. The individual conducting the inquiry personally carried out interviews by visiting each and every herbal store (Attari) in the city of Ilam. To analyze the data obtained from the interviews, indicators such as the usage report index (UR) and the quantitative index of the relative frequency of registration (RFC) were used to obtain quantitative information. Results: According to the results, 52% of the participants in the study were male herbalistsand 48% were female. Approximately, 60% of the herbalists had a bachelor's degree, and 60% were Kurds. In Ilam city, 16 plant species from 14 plant families are used to treat kidney pain caused by kidney stones. Alfalfa, corn, Iranian scurvy, prickly pear, three-color marshmallow, tangerine, Japanese parsnip, spectacular artichoke, andole, black seed, Abu Jahl watermelon, murtlekh, desert ivy, two branched horses, yarrow, small-seeded cherry, chicory, fig and Desert monkey flower is one of the most important medicinal plants that are used in the ethnobotany of Ilam city to treat kidney stones. Conclusion: The findings derived from this research not only preserve the ethnic knowledge related to medicinal plants in the region but also open avenues for further studies aimed at treating kidney stones with these identified plants, potentially leading to the development of effective and safe herbal remedies for this condition.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of skin diseases in kidney transplant recipients.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 233 kidney transplant recipients in Ekbatan Hospital of Hamedan in 2004. The patients were examined by a dermatologist and diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical observations. Biopsies and scraping of the lesions were taken whenever necessary.Results: Of the patients, 226 (97%) suffered from one or more skin lesions.The most common lesions were drug related, including hypertrichosis, gingival hyperplasia, acne, and cushingoid feature which were detected in 86.7% of the patients. Also, infectious and premalignant or malignant lesions (actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma) were seen in 48.9% and 14.2% of the patients. The mean duration of immunosuppressive therapy was significantly higher in patients with infectious skin diseases (P<.001).Conclusion: Skin lesions are a significant problem in kidney transplant recipients. A careful monitoring of these patients is recommended in order to detect these lesions in early stages and treat them.

INTRODUCTIONState of Phytomedicine in EuropePhytopharmaceuticals have a long historical tradition. Through a method of trial and error, plant and plant extracts were tested and either retained or when displaying disagreeable side effects, discarded. For example, Ononidis radix has been verified for treatment of bladder calculi as first discovered by Dioskurides in 60 AD, and for kidney calculi by Schroder in the 17th century. For these indications, these plants are still utilized until today.